Family of functions in mathematics
Plot of several Fejér kernels In mathematics , the Fejér kernel is a summability kernel used to express the effect of Cesàro summation on Fourier series . It is a non-negative kernel, giving rise to an approximate identity . It is named after the Hungarian mathematician Lipót Fejér (1880–1959).
The Fejér kernel has many equivalent definitions. We outline three such definitions below:
1) The traditional definition expresses the Fejér kernel
F
n
(
x
)
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)}
F
n
(
x
)
=
1
n
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
D
k
(
x
)
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}D_{k}(x)}
where
D
k
(
x
)
=
∑
s
=
−
k
k
e
i
s
x
{\displaystyle D_{k}(x)=\sum _{s=-k}^{k}{\rm {e}}^{isx}}
is the k th order Dirichlet kernel .
2) The Fejér kernel
F
n
(
x
)
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)}
[ 1]
F
n
(
x
)
=
1
n
(
sin
(
n
x
2
)
sin
(
x
2
)
)
2
=
1
n
(
1
−
cos
(
n
x
)
1
−
cos
(
x
)
)
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}\left({\frac {\sin({\frac {nx}{2}})}{\sin({\frac {x}{2}})}}\right)^{2}={\frac {1}{n}}\left({\frac {1-\cos(nx)}{1-\cos(x)}}\right)}
This closed form expression may be derived from the definitions used above. The proof of this result goes as follows.
First, we use the fact that the Dirichlet kernel may be written as:[ 2]
D
k
(
x
)
=
sin
(
(
k
+
1
2
)
x
)
sin
x
2
{\displaystyle D_{k}(x)={\frac {\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)}{\sin {\frac {x}{2}}}}}
Hence, using the definition of the Fejér kernel above we get:
F
n
(
x
)
=
1
n
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
D
k
(
x
)
=
1
n
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
sin
(
(
k
+
1
2
)
x
)
sin
(
x
2
)
=
1
n
1
sin
(
x
2
)
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
sin
(
(
k
+
1
2
)
x
)
=
1
n
1
sin
2
(
x
2
)
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
[
sin
(
(
k
+
1
2
)
x
)
⋅
sin
(
x
2
)
]
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}D_{k}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{\frac {\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)}{\sin({\frac {x}{2}})}}={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}[\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)\cdot \sin({\frac {x}{2}})]}
Using the trigonometric identity:
sin
(
α
)
⋅
sin
(
β
)
=
1
2
(
cos
(
α
−
β
)
−
cos
(
α
+
β
)
)
{\displaystyle \sin(\alpha )\cdot \sin(\beta )={\frac {1}{2}}(\cos(\alpha -\beta )-\cos(\alpha +\beta ))}
F
n
(
x
)
=
1
n
1
sin
2
(
x
2
)
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
[
sin
(
(
k
+
1
2
)
x
)
⋅
sin
(
x
2
)
]
=
1
n
1
2
sin
2
(
x
2
)
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
[
cos
(
k
x
)
−
cos
(
(
k
+
1
)
x
)
]
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}[\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)\cdot \sin({\frac {x}{2}})]={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{2\sin ^{2}({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}[\cos(kx)-\cos((k+1)x)]}
Hence it follows that:
F
n
(
x
)
=
1
n
1
sin
2
(
x
2
)
1
−
cos
(
n
x
)
2
=
1
n
1
sin
2
(
x
2
)
sin
2
(
n
x
2
)
=
1
n
(
sin
(
n
x
2
)
sin
(
x
2
)
)
2
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)}}{\frac {1-\cos(nx)}{2}}={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {x}{2}}\right)}}\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {nx}{2}}\right)={\frac {1}{n}}\left({\frac {\sin({\frac {nx}{2}})}{\sin({\frac {x}{2}})}}\right)^{2}}
3) The Fejér kernel can also be expressed as:
F
n
(
x
)
=
∑
|
k
|
≤
n
−
1
(
1
−
|
k
|
n
)
e
i
k
x
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)=\sum _{|k|\leq n-1}\left(1-{\frac {|k|}{n}}\right)e^{ikx}}
The Fejér kernel is a positive summability kernel. An important property of the Fejér kernel is
F
n
(
x
)
≥
0
{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)\geq 0}
1
{\displaystyle 1}
The convolution Fn is positive: for
f
≥
0
{\displaystyle f\geq 0}
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
0
≤
(
f
∗
F
n
)
(
x
)
=
1
2
π
∫
−
π
π
f
(
y
)
F
n
(
x
−
y
)
d
y
.
{\displaystyle 0\leq (f*F_{n})(x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(y)F_{n}(x-y)\,dy.}
Since
f
∗
D
n
=
S
n
(
f
)
=
∑
|
j
|
≤
n
f
^
j
e
i
j
x
{\displaystyle f*D_{n}=S_{n}(f)=\sum _{|j|\leq n}{\widehat {f}}_{j}e^{ijx}}
f
∗
F
n
=
1
n
∑
k
=
0
n
−
1
S
k
(
f
)
{\displaystyle f*F_{n}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}S_{k}(f)}
Cesàro summation of Fourier series.
By Young's convolution inequality ,
‖
F
n
∗
f
‖
L
p
(
[
−
π
,
π
]
)
≤
‖
f
‖
L
p
(
[
−
π
,
π
]
)
for every
1
≤
p
≤
∞
for
f
∈
L
p
.
{\displaystyle \|F_{n}*f\|_{L^{p}([-\pi ,\pi ])}\leq \|f\|_{L^{p}([-\pi ,\pi ])}{\text{ for every }}1\leq p\leq \infty {\text{ for }}f\in L^{p}.}
Additionally, if
f
∈
L
1
(
[
−
π
,
π
]
)
{\displaystyle f\in L^{1}([-\pi ,\pi ])}
f
∗
F
n
→
f
{\displaystyle f*F_{n}\rightarrow f}
a.e. Since
[
−
π
,
π
]
{\displaystyle [-\pi ,\pi ]}
L
1
(
[
−
π
,
π
]
)
⊃
L
2
(
[
−
π
,
π
]
)
⊃
⋯
⊃
L
∞
(
[
−
π
,
π
]
)
{\displaystyle L^{1}([-\pi ,\pi ])\supset L^{2}([-\pi ,\pi ])\supset \cdots \supset L^{\infty }([-\pi ,\pi ])}
L
p
{\displaystyle L^{p}}
p
≥
1
{\displaystyle p\geq 1}
If
f
{\displaystyle f}
Weierstrass theorem .
One consequence of the pointwise a.e. convergence is the uniqueness of Fourier coefficients: If
f
,
g
∈
L
1
{\displaystyle f,g\in L^{1}}
f
^
=
g
^
{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}={\hat {g}}}
f
=
g
{\displaystyle f=g}
f
∗
F
n
=
∑
|
j
|
≤
n
(
1
−
|
j
|
n
)
f
^
j
e
i
j
t
{\displaystyle f*F_{n}=\sum _{|j|\leq n}\left(1-{\frac {|j|}{n}}\right){\hat {f}}_{j}e^{ijt}}
A second consequence is that if
lim
n
→
∞
S
n
(
f
)
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }S_{n}(f)}
lim
n
→
∞
F
n
(
f
)
=
f
{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }F_{n}(f)=f}
F
n
∗
f
{\displaystyle F_{n}*f}
The Fejér kernel is used in signal processing and Fourier analysis .
^ Hoffman, Kenneth (1988). Banach Spaces of Analytic Functions . Dover. p. 17. ISBN 0-486-45874-1 ^ Konigsberger, Konrad. Analysis 1 (in German) (6th ed.). Springer. p. 322. 
![{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}D_{k}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{\frac {\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)}{\sin({\frac {x}{2}})}}={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}[\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)\cdot \sin({\frac {x}{2}})]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98fb8fd21819dce9f17372c5dfb57842f15a0c70)
![{\displaystyle F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}[\sin((k+{\frac {1}{2}})x)\cdot \sin({\frac {x}{2}})]={\frac {1}{n}}{\frac {1}{2\sin ^{2}({\frac {x}{2}})}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}[\cos(kx)-\cos((k+1)x)]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f50481bb0f23b4e469b56513fb9bd47373f5cd1)
![{\displaystyle \|F_{n}*f\|_{L^{p}([-\pi ,\pi ])}\leq \|f\|_{L^{p}([-\pi ,\pi ])}{\text{ for every }}1\leq p\leq \infty {\text{ for }}f\in L^{p}.}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/292178857a312a42f0d6a0042c83b5e64fb17b4e)
![{\displaystyle f\in L^{1}([-\pi ,\pi ])}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e3515a00783d75e503eb19294f26d84c49402fe)
![{\displaystyle [-\pi ,\pi ]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb064fd6c55820cfa660eabeeda0f6e3c4935ae6)
![{\displaystyle L^{1}([-\pi ,\pi ])\supset L^{2}([-\pi ,\pi ])\supset \cdots \supset L^{\infty }([-\pi ,\pi ])}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46f6aab539f73c629502ceebd84a0f671e9c0178)
